Lev Vygotsky believed that learning is ________.

Lev Vygotsky's belief that learning is co-constructed emphasizes the importance of social interaction and collaboration in the learning process. According to Vygotsky, knowledge is not simply acquired in isolation; rather, it is developed through interactions with others, particularly within a cultural context. He introduced concepts such as the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD), which illustrates how learners can achieve higher levels of understanding with the guidance and support of more knowledgeable peers or adults.

This perspective highlights the role of dialogue, cultural tools, and social experiences in shaping an individual's cognitive development. In Vygotsky's view, effective learning occurs when individuals engage with others to build and refine their understanding, making the process dynamic and relational rather than a solitary endeavor.

In contrast, self-taught learning implies an independent process that does not involve interaction with others, while instinctive learning suggests that understanding is innate and requires no external influence. Individually achieved learning focuses on the learner's personal efforts, ignoring the collaborative aspects that Vygotsky emphasized. Hence, co-construction of knowledge captures the essence of Vygotsky's theories on social learning and the importance of environment and relationships in educational contexts.