Which age group is associated with the stage of autonomy vs. shame and doubt?

The stage of autonomy vs. shame and doubt is a critical developmental phase that takes place from approximately 1 to 3 years of age. During this time, toddlers are beginning to assert their independence and developing a sense of personal control over their physical skills and a sense of autonomy.

This stage is characterized by the children's exploration of their environment and their efforts to make choices, which fosters confidence. When caregivers encourage this autonomy, it builds a child's self-esteem and sense of competence. Conversely, if their attempts at independence are met with harsh criticism or restraint, it can lead to feelings of shame and doubt about their abilities.

Understanding this stage is essential for anyone working with toddlers, as it informs their approach to fostering independence and supporting positive self-esteem during this crucial time of development. The other age groups correspond to different psychosocial stages, such as trust vs. mistrust for infants and initiative vs. guilt for preschool-aged children, thus not aligning with the autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage.